9.JohnOSullivan,Annexation,UnitedStatesMagazineandDemocraticReview,July–August1845,5.
10.JohnQuincyAdams,AnAddressDeliveredattheRequestoftheCommitteeofCitizensofWashington,4July1821(Washington,D.C.:DavisandForce,1821),28–29.
11.Ibid.
12.从东往西迁移从理论上讲，是指世界统治权的转移，即最高政治权力宝座的时空变化：从巴比伦和波斯到希腊，到罗马，到法国或德国，再到英国和（摩尔斯设想的）美国。乔治·伯克莱（GeorgeBerkeley）在关于美洲艺术和学识前景的诗歌中就有如下著名的诗句：
帝国走向西行之路；前四节已经落幕，第五节是大戏的终点，最后往往是关键一步。13.JedidiahMorse,TheAmericanGeography;or,AViewofthePresentSituationoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,2nded.(London:JohnStockdale,1792),468–69,asexcerptedinManifestDestinyandAmericanTerritorialExpansion:ABriefHistorywithDocuments,ed.AmyS.Greenberg(Boston:Bedford/St.Martins,2012),
14.JohnOSullivan,TheGreatNationofFuturity,UnitedStatesMagazineandDemocraticReview,November1839,426–27.
15.OSullivan,Annexation,9–10.
16.SeeAmandaForeman,AWorldonFire:BritainsCrucialRoleintheAmericanCivilWar(NewYork:RandomHouse,2011);HowardJones,BlueandGrayDiplomacy:AHistoryofUnionandConfederateForeignRelations(ChapelHill:UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,2009).
17.Foreman,WorldonFire,784.美国武装部队人员从南北战争结束时的1034064人下降到18个月后的正规军54302人、志愿军11000人。
18.FareedZakaria,FromWealthtoPower:TheUnusualOriginsofAmericasWorldRole(Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress,1998),47.
19.GroverCleveland,FirstInauguralAddress,March4,1885,inThePublicPapersofGroverCleveland(Washington,D.C.:GovernmentPrintingOffice,1889),8.
20.ThomasG.Paterson,J.GarryClifford,andKennethJ.Hagan,AmericanForeignPolicy:AHistory(Lexington,Mass.:D.C.Heath,1977),189.
21.TheodoreRoosevelt,InauguralAddress,March4,1905,inUnitedStatesCongressionalSerialSet484(Washington,D.C.:GovernmentPrintingOffice,1905),559.
22.TheodoreRoosevelt,InternationalPeace,Nobellecture,May5,1910,inPeace:1901–1925:NobelLectures(Singapore:WorldScientificPublishingCo.,1999),106.
23.RooseveltsstatementtoCongress,1902,quotedinJohnMortonBlum,TheRepublicanRoosevelt(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1967),137.
24.RoosevelttoSpringRice,December21,1907,inTheSelectedLettersofTheodoreRoosevelt,ed.H.W.Brands(Lanham,Md.:Rowman&Littlefield,2001),465.
25.TheodoreRoosevelt,reviewofTheInfluenceofSeaPoweruponHistory,byAlfredThayerMahan,AtlanticMonthly,October1890.
26.TheodoreRoosevelt,TheStrenuousLife,inTheStrenuousLife:EssaysandAddresses(NewYork:Century,1905),9.