3.Kennedy,GreatArabConquests,113.
4.SeegenerallyMarshallG.S.Hodgson,TheVentureofIslam:ConscienceandHistoryinaWorldCivilization,vol.1,TheClassicalAgeofIslam(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1974).
5.MajidKhadduri,TheIslamicLawofNations:ShaybanisSiyar(Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1966),13.
6.MajidKhadduri,WarandPeaceintheLawofIslam(Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1955),56.SeealsoKennedy,GreatArabConquests,48–51;BernardLewis,TheMiddleEast:ABriefHistoryoftheLast2,000Years(NewYork:Touchstone,1997),233–38.
7.民主制和人权推动了人们为实现全球变革采取行动。在此意义上，事实证明它们的内涵和适用性比跟在军队后面迫使他人皈依的宗教教义更灵活。毕竟不同国家人民的民主意愿可以带来极其不同的结果。
8.LabeebAhmedBsoul,InternationalTreaties(Muhadt)inIslam:TheoryandPracticeintheLightofIslamicInternationalLaw(Siyar)AccordingtoOrthodoxSchools(Lanham,Md.:UniversityPressofAmerica,2008),117.
9.Khadduri,IslamicLawofNations,12.SeealsoBsoul,InternationalTreaties,108–9.
10.SeeJamesPiscatori,IslamintheInternationalOrder,inTheExpansionofInternationalSociety,ed.HedleyBullandAdamWatson(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1985),318–19;Lewis,MiddleEast,305;OlivierRoy,GlobalizedIslam:TheSearchforaNewUmmah(NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,2004),112(oncontemporaryIslamistviews);EfraimKarsh,IslamicImperialism:AHistory(NewHaven,Conn.:YaleUniversityPress,2006),230–31.ButseeKhadduri,WarandPeaceintheLawofIslam,156–57(onthetraditionalconditionsunderwhichterritorycapturedbynon-Muslimsmightreverttobeingpartofdaral-harb).
11.AnanalysisofthisschismanditsmodernimplicationsmaybefoundinValiNasr,TheShiaRevival:HowConflictsWithinIslamWillShapetheFuture(NewYork:W.W.Norton,2006).
12.BrendanSimms,Europe:TheStruggleforSupremacyfrom1453tothePresent(NewYork:BasicBooks,2013),9–10;Black,HistoryofIslamicPoliticalThought,206–7.
13.在英语里它们被误称为降书，不是因为奥斯曼帝国在任何一点上屈从了，而是因为这些文件被分为章节或条款（拉丁文是capitula）。
14.1526年2月，苏莱曼答复法国的弗朗西斯。RogerBigelowMerriman,SuleimantheMagnificent,1520–1566(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1944),130.SeealsoHalilInalcik,TheTurkishImpactontheDevelopmentofModernEurope,inTheOttomanStateandItsPlaceinWorldHistory,ed.KemalH.Karpat(Leiden:E.J.Brill,1974),51–53;GarrettMattingly,RenaissanceDiplomacy(NewYork:PenguinBooks,1955),152.大约500年后，在一段双边关系紧张时期，土耳其总理埃尔多安出于礼节送给法国总统萨科齐一份这封信的复印件，但抱怨说：我觉得他没看这封信。TodaysZaman,December23,2011.
15.1853年，据说俄国沙皇尼古拉一世告诉英国大使：我们手上有一个病夫，一个病得很重的人。如果有一天他从我们手中溜走了，尤其是在尚未做出必要安排之前，那可就麻烦大了。HaroldTemperley,EnglandandtheNearEast(London:Longmans,Green,1936),272.
16.SultanMehmed-Rashad,Proclamation,andSheik-ulIslam,Fetva,inSourceRecordsoftheGreatWar,ed.CharlesF.HorneandWalterF.Austin(Indianapolis:AmericanLegion,1930),2:398–401.SeealsoHewStrachan,TheFirstWorldWar(NewYork:Viking,2003),100–101.
17.ArthurJamesBalfourtoWalterRothschild,November2,1917,inMalcolmYapp,TheMakingoftheModernNearEast,1792–1923(Harlow:Longmans,Green),290.
18.SeeErezManela,TheWilsonianMoment:Self-DeterminationandtheInternationalOriginsofAnticolonialNationalism,1917–1920(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2007).