2.Ibid.
3.IslamicInvitationTurkey,TheLeaderofIslamicUmmahandOppressedPeopleImamSayyedAliKhamenei:IslamicAwakeningInspiresIntl.Events,November27,2011.
4.关于这一传统，最著名的例子之一是公元前6世纪波斯阿契美尼德帝国的开国君主居鲁士解放被巴比伦奴役的人民，包括犹太人。自称四极之王的居鲁士推翻巴比伦帝国进入巴比伦后发出敕令：巴比伦所有的奴隶都可自由返乡，一切宗教都将得到包容。居鲁士是第一个推行宗教多元主义的统治者。据信2000年后，托马斯·杰斐逊读了色诺芬的《居鲁士的教育》中的这个故事后深受激励，对居鲁士高度赞扬。SeeTheCyrusCylinder:DiplomaticWhirl,Economist,March23,2013.
5.Herodotus,TheHistory,trans.DavidGrene(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1987),1.131–135,pp.95–97.
6.KennethM.Pollack,ThePersianPuzzle:TheConflictBetweenIranandAmerica(NewYork:RandomHouse,2004),18–19.SeealsoJohnGarver,ChinaandIran:AncientPartnersinaPost-imperialWorld(Seattle:UniversityofWashingtonPress,2006).
7.SeeRoyMottahedeh,TheMantleoftheProphet:ReligionandPoliticsinIran(Oxford:Oneworld,2002),144;RezaAslan,TheEpicofIran,NewYorkTimes,April30,2006.阿布卡萨姆·费尔多西在伊斯兰教征服波斯两个世纪后写成的史诗《国王之书》叙述了波斯被伊斯兰教征服之前光辉灿烂的传说。身为伊斯兰教什叶派教徒的费尔多西通过史诗中的人物之口哀叹：诅咒这个世界，诅咒这个时代，诅咒这个命运/野蛮的阿拉伯人把我变成了穆斯林。此言捕捉到了波斯人复杂的心情。
8.SeeSandraMackey,TheIranians:Persia,Islam,andtheSoulofaNation(NewYork:Plume,1998),109n1.
9.RuhollahKhomeini,IslamicGovernment,inIslamandRevolution:WritingsandDeclarationsofImamKhomeini(1941–1980),trans.HamidAlgar(NorthHaledon,N.J.:MizanPress,1981),48–49.
10.AsquotedinDavidArmstrong,RevolutionandWorldOrder:TheRevolutionaryStateinInternationalSociety(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1993),192.
11.Khomeini,IslamicGovernment,TheFirstDayofGodsGovernment,andTheReligiousScholarsLedtheRevolt,inIslamandRevolution,147,265,330–31.
12.R.W.AppleJr.,WillKhomeiniTurnIransClockBack1,300Years?,NewYorkTimes,February4,1979.
13.SeeCharlesHill,TrialofaThousandYears:WorldOrderandIslamism(Stanford,Calif.:HooverInstitutionPress,2011),89–91.
14.这些活动基本上是秘密的，因此有关报告必然只能披露其中的一部分。有人说德黑兰在一定程度上和塔利班以及基地组织合作，或至少默许它们的活动。See,forexample,ThomasKean,LeeHamilton,etal.,The9/11CommissionReport(NewYork:W.W.Norton,2004),61,128,240–41,468,529;SethG.Jones,AlQaedainIran,ForeignAffairs,January29,2012,http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137061/sethg-jones/al-qaeda-in-iran.
15.AkbarGanji,WhoIsAliKhamenei:TheWorldviewofIransSupremeLeader,ForeignAffairs,September/October2013.SeealsoThomasJoscelyn,Iran,theMuslimBrotherhood,andRevolution,Longwarjournal.org,January28,2011.